Joint ISHNE Session - RR Interval, Repolarization, Heterogeneity and Variability

Heart rate dependency of ventricular repolarization in congenital and acquired long QT syndrome: long-term analysis by Holter monitoring
Emanuela H. Locati.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy, Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA

Relationship between RR and variability. A measure of dispersion of ventricular repolarisation
Federico Lombardi, Andrea Colombo, Alberto Porta*, Giuseppe Baselli*, Sergio Cerutti*.
Division of Cardiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, *Department of Bioengineering, Polytechnic of Milan, Italy

The role of fluctuations in heart rate and ectopic beat frequency in the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Johan E.P. Waktare, Katerina Hnatkova, Francis D. Murgatroyd, Xiaohua Guo, A. John Camm, Marek Malik.
St. Georges Hospital Medical School, London, UK

Dispersion of QT interval in ectopic ventricular beats. A new approach to assessment of ventricular inhomogeneity
Andrzej Dabrowski, Ryszard Piotrowicz, Elzbieta Kramarz.
Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Central Clinical Hospital MMA, Warsaw, Poland

New Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmias

To understand atrial arrhythmias, we need to make nomenclature match anatomy!
Francisco G. Cosío, Robert H. Anderson, Karl Kuck, on behalf of the Cardiac Nomenclature Study Group of the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology.
Cardiology Service, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain

Proposal for a new classification of atrial tachycardias. A substrate-based approach in the ablation era
Michael D. Lesh, Jonathan M. Kalman*.
Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, USA, *Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

Impact of Major Clinical Trials

Amiodarone in post-infarction patients at high risk: lessons from EMIAT
Michiel J. Janse, A. John Camm*, Gerald Frangin**, Desmond G. Julian***, Marek Malik°, Peter J. Schwartz°°.
Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, *Dept. of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, **Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France, ***London, °Dept. of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK, °°Dept. of Cardiology, Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy

Holter sub-studies of the European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial
M. Malik, A.J. Camm, M.J. Janse*, D.G. Julian**, G.A. Frangin***, P.J. Schwartz° on behalf of the EMIAT Investigators.
Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK, *Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, **Netherhall Gardens, London, UK, ***Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France, °Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia and Policlinico S. Matteo IRCCS, Pavia, Italy

The impact of major clinical trials on pharmacotherapy of ventricular arrhythmias
Ralph Lazzara.
Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA

Primary prevention trials with ICDs: MADIT and beyond
Seah Nisam.
CPI/Guidant, Zaventem, Belgium

Internal Atrial Defibrillation

Transvenous internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using single and dual pathways simultaneous biphasic shocks and leads currently used for ventricular defibrillation
Roberto Neri, Piero Palermo, Antonio Silvio Cesario, Daniela Baragli, Elisabetta Amici, Maria Teresa Laudadio*, Angelo De Rosa*, Francesco DeSeta*, Giancarlo Gambelli.
Division of Cardiology, GB Grassi Hospital, Rome, *Medtronic Italia, Italy

Internal low energy cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: patients' tolerance employing a step-up protocol
Giuseppe Boriani, Mauro Biffi, Gabriele Bronzetti, Francesco Pergolini, Romano Zannoli, °Gregory M. Ayers, Alessandro Capucci, Angelo Branzi, Bruno Magnani.
Institute of Cardiology, Bologna, Italy, °In Control Inc, Redmond, WA, USA

Clinical experience with low energy intracardiac atrial defibrillation
Luigi Padeletti, Maria Cristina Porciani, Antonio Michelucci, Andrea Colella, Silvio Vena, Pietro Ticci, Massimo Zoppi, Gian Franco Gensini.
Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy

Low energy endocavitary cardioversion: safety, effectiveness and tolerability
Claudio Pandozi, Giuseppe Gentilucci, Massimo Santini.
Department of Cardiology, S. Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy

Prediction of early atrial fibrillation relapse after endocavitary electrical cardioversion by frequency analysis of signal averaged P wave
Antonio Michelucci, Luigi Padeletti, Maria Cristina Porciani, Paolo Pieragnoli, Marco Frati, Silvio Vena, Andrea Colella, Gian Franco Gensini.
Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia, Universita di Firenze, Italy

Influence of antiarrhythmic therapy on atrial defibrillation threshold in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation submitted to an external electrical cardioversion
Alessandro Capucci, Giovanni Quinto Villani, Daniela Aschieri, Alessandro Rosi.
Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale Civile, Piacenza, Italy

Initial experience with the implantable atrial defibrillator
Werner Jung, Christian Wolpert, Susanne Herwig, Susanne Spehl, Bahman Esmailzadeh*, Christian Schneider*, Heyder Omran, Paul G. Kirchhoff*, Berndt Lüderitz.
Departments of Medicine-Cardiology and * Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Progress in Mapping of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Role of the epicardial mapping in identifying patients with postmyocardial infarction pleomorphic ventricular tachycardia suitable for radiofrequency catheter ablation
Claudio Tondo, Corrado Carbucicchio, Stefania Riva, Gaetano Fassini, Paolo Della Bella.
Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, CNR, Centro Cardiologico Fondazione Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

Radiofrequency ablation of atrial tachycardia: mapping techniques
Carlo Pappone, Giuseppe Stabile*, Antonio De Simone*, Francesco Furlanello, Maria Luisa Loricchio, Patrizio Mazzone, Stefano Bianchi, Tiziana Russo, Cosimo Dicandia, Sergio Chierchia.
Cardiology Department, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, *Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Clinica San Michele, Maddaloni (CE), Italy

Management of Paediatric Arrhythmias

Neurocardiogenic syncope in childhood and adolescence: evaluation by tilt-up testing and treatment with beta-blockers
Mauro Biffi, Giuseppe Boriani, Gabriele Bronzetti, Nicola De Simone, Romano Zannoli, Angelo Branzi, Bruno Magnani.
Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Italy

Inhomogeneous prolongation of ventricular repolarization in young patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Evidence of electrical myocardial instability?
Berardo Sarubbi, Giuseppe Pacileo, Valentino Ducceschi, Carlo Pisacane, Carola Iacono, Maria Giovanna Russo, Lucio Santangelo*, Aldo Iacono*, Raffaele Calabro.
Second University of Naples, *Chair of Cardiology, Paediatric Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy

Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: a very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children
Fabrizio Drago, Andrea Mazza, Massimo Stefano Silvetti, Antonella Mafrici, Gaetano Di Liso, Pietro Ragonese.
Pediatric Cardiology Department, Bambino Gesu Hospital, Rome, Italy

Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias with radiofrequency ablation in a pediatric population
Josep Brugada Terradellas, Miquel Rissech Payret*, Lluís Mont Girbau, Guillermina Fita Rodriguez**, Joaquim Bartrons Casas*, Mariona Matas Avella, Carlos Mortera Pérez*, Francisco Navarro-López.
Arrhythmia Unit, Institut de Malaties Cardiovasculars, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, *Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, **Anesthesia Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

Sustained atrial tachycardia. Electrophysiological characteristics and effects of radiofrequency ablation
Benito Musto, Ciro Cavallaro, Antonio D'onofrio*, Carmine Musto, Filippo Vecchione, Ciro Caputo.
Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale V. Monaldi, Naples, *Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale A. Cardarelli, Naples, Italy

Progress in ICD Function and Indication

Role of DDDR pacing in dual chamber ICD systems
Enrico Adornato, Elena Maria Fernanda Adornato, Luca Rossetti*.
Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria,
*Guidant Italia, Milan, Italy

Theoretical and technological approach to an electrical painless defibrillator. Preliminary in animal investigation
Leonardo Cammilli, Gino Grassi*, Antonio Morra**, Avio Maria Perna***, Francesco Cammilli°, Pietro Liguori°, Francesco Furlanello°.
Cardiac Surgery "Ulivella" USL 10D, Florence, *Biomedical Equipment Technol. SNC, Sesto Fiorentino, **R&D Dept. MEDICO S.p.A., Padova, ***Cardiac Surgery Experimental Laboratory, USL 10D, Florence,
°Cardiological and Arrhythmological Dept., Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy

Optimizing the second phase duration of biphasic shocks. Preliminary results of a prospective clinical study
Béla Merkely, Andrzej Lubinski*, Tibor Gyöngy, E. Lewicka-Nowak*, Ferenc Horkay, G. Swiatecka*, Orsolya Kiss, László Gelléer, Elek Bodor, Jürgen Pilz**, Max Schaldach**.
Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary; *Dept. of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, **Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Focus on ARV Cardiomyopathy

Diagnostic role of magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with ventricular arrhythmias and suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Arturo Raisaro*, Silvia Negroni, Catherine Klersy°, C. Ceriotti, Marina Rovida, Angelo Rossi*, Luigi De Ambroggi.
Division of Cardiology, San Donato Hospital, University of Milan,
*Division of Cardiology and °Biometric Unit, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: which diagnostic role for magnetic resonance imaging?
Maria Penco, Ernesto Di Cesare*, Giuseppe Aurigemma**, Antonella Costanzi*, Francesco Marchese*, Alessia Catalucci*, Francesco Fedele**, Carlo Masciocchi*.
Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of L'Aquila,
*Department of Radiology, University of L'Aquila,
**Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy

Management of patients with minor form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and idiopathic arrhythmias
Z.A. Bagmanova, N.A. Mazur, V.E. Sinitsyn, V.G. Rudenko.
Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia

Congestive heart failure: a not so rare manifestation of arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Cristina Basso, Annalisa Angelini, Gaetano Thiene, Ugolino Livi, Andrea Nava, Sergio Dalla Volta.
Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy

Changes in surface ECG and signal-averaged ECG with time in right ventricular dysplasia. Evidence for an evolving disease
Jean François Leclercq, Philippe Coumel.
Department of Cardiology, Lariboisiere University Hospital, Paris, France

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a report of 162 familial cases
Andrea Nava, Barbara Bauce, Carla Villanova, Alessandra Rampazzo*, Michela Muriago, Luciano Daliento, Cristina Basso**, Gianfranco Buja, Gian Antonio Danieli*, Gaetano Thiene**.
Departments of Cardiology, *Biology and **Pathology, University of Padua, Italy

Progresses in Autonomic Nervous System Evaluations

Baroreceptor function during head up tilt test in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope
Andrea Passantino, Nicola Di Venere*, Cinzia Forleo, Francesco Massari, Paolo Totaro, Filippo Mastropasqua, Maria Vittoria Pitzalis*, Paolo Rizzon*.
Cardiology "Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Cassano,
*Institute of Cardiology, University of Bari, Italy

Non-invasive assessment of the arrhythmogenic substrate after myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era: GISSI-3 Arrhythmias Substudy
Maurizio Del Greco, Giandomenico Nollo*, Marcello Disertori, Giampietro Sanna**, Aldo Pietro Maggioni***, on behalf of GISSI-3 Arrhythmias Substudy Investigators.
U.O. di Cardiologia, Ospedale S. Chiara, Trento, *Centro Materiali Biofisica Medica, Istituto Trentino Cultura, Trento, **Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Milano, ***Istituto Mario Negri, Milan, Italy

Impact on clinical management of autonomic markers for risk stratification
Maria Teresa La Rovere.
Divisione di Cardiologia, Fondazione "S. Maugeri", IRCCS, Centro Medico Montescano, Pavia, Italy

Physiological interpretation of spectral components of heart rate variability
Alberto Malliani, Stefano Guzzetti.
Centro Ricerche Cardiovascolari, CNR, L.I.T.A. di Vialba, Medicina Interna II, Ospedale "L. Sacco", Universita degli Studi, Milan, Italy

ICD Therapy in Primary Prevention of Sudden Arrhythmic Death

Patients following myocardial infarction: who should be a candidate for prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator?
D. Andresen, Th. Brüggemann.
Department of Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik I, Urbankrankenhaus, Berlin, Germany

Primary prevention of sudden arrhythmic death. What did we achieve? What needs to be done with ICD-therapy?
Helmut Klein, Angelo Auricchio, Christoph J. Geller, Hans-Dieter Esperer, Sven Reek, Wolfgang Hartung.
Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany

Role of ICD for the primary prevention of sudden death in post-myocardial infarction patients
Antonio Raviele, Aldo Bonso, Gianni Gasparini, Sakis Themistoclakis, Franco Giada.
Division of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy

Joint ISSC Session - Arrhythmias in Athletes (part I)

Syncope in middle-aged endurance athletes
G. Tortorella, C. Tomasi, A. Manari, C. Menozzi, U. Guiducci.
Department of Cardiology, S.M. Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy

Ventricular arrhythmias in athletes: markers of subclinical heart disease
Alessandro Biffi, Luisa Verdile, Giovanni Caselli, Fernando Maria Di Paolo, Fredrick Fernando, Antonio Spataro, Antonio Pelliccia, Paolo Di Renzi**, Gerardo Ansalone*, Fabrizio Ammirati*, Claudio Pandozi*, Massimo Santini*.
Department of Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, CONI, *Department of Heart Disease, San Filippo Neri Hospital, **Department of Radiology, Fatebenefratelli-Isola Tiberina Hospital, Rome, Italy

Endurance training improves vagally-mediated heart rate recovery after exercise in hypertensive athletes. Assessment by heart rate spectral analysis
Gaetano Diricatti, Vincenzo Cupelli*, Paolo Manetti, Loira Toncelli, Bruno Cappelli, Giorgio Galanti**, Gian Franco Gensini.
*Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, **Scuola di Medicina Sportiva, Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia, Universita di Firenze, Italy

Pathological findings in sudden death in human athletes vs sudden death in Alaskan sled dogs during the Iditarod sled race and/or during training
Saroja Bharati.
Maurice Lev Congenital Heart and Conduction System Center, The Heart Institute for Children, Hope Children's Hospital, Christ Hospital and Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Clinical Professor of Pathology, Finch University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA

Joint ISSC Session - Arrhythmias in Athletes (part II)

Clinical profile of commotio cordis: a new cause of sudden death in the young during sporting activities
Barry J. Maron.
Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, USA

Sympathovagal modulation in athletes assessed by power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability
Paolo Zeppilli, Carlo Picani, Roberto Corsetti, Antonio Angelucci, Antonio Gianfelici, Carlo Pagliaricci, Roberto Vannicelli, Vincenzo Palmieri, Cesare Santini, Luca Mainardi*, Sergio Cerutti*.
Cattedra e Centro Studi di Medicina dello Sport, Istituto di Medicina Interna e Geriatria, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, *Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico, Milan, Italy

May top-level athletes complain of atrial fibrillation?
A. Bertoldi*, F. Furlanello, M. Dallago*, A. Galassi, F. Fernando**,
C. Pappone, S. Chierchia.
S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan-Rome, *Division of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, **Sports Science Institute, Italian National Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy

News in Long QT Syndrome

Neuronal degeneration localized in the thoracic spinal cord sympathetic center in a case with prolonged long QT interval
Lino Rossi, Luigi Matturri.
Institutes of Pathology, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy

New Approaches for RF Catheter Ablation

Cost reduction in atrio-ventricular nodal reentry tachycardia radiofrequency catheter ablation
Giuseppe Inama, Lorena Gramegna, Paolo Pessano, Marcello Disertori.
Division of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy

Heart Rate Variability

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation on heart rate variability after myocardial infarction
Maria Stella Fera, Francesco Rulli, Alessandro Carunchio, Andrea Mazza, Maurizio Burattini, Maria Margherita Martinelli, Andrea Porzio, Vincenzo Ceci.
Division of Cardiology, S. Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy

Correlation between heart rate variability and ventricular arrhythmias. Different patterns in patients with myocardial infarction and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Antonio Franco Folino, Gianfranco Buja, Lorenza Dal Corso, Andrea Nava.
Department of Cardiology, University of Padua, Italy

Heart rate variability in essential hypertension. Assessment by heart rate spectral analysis
Gaetano Diricatti, Vincenzo Cupelli*, Paolo Manetti, Loira Toncelli, Bruno Cappelli, Giorgio Galanti**, Gian Franco Gensini.
*Istituto di Medicina del Lavoro, **Scuola di Medicina Sportiva, Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia, Universita di Firenze, Italy

Risk Predictors and Pacing in Congestive Heart Failure

Predictors of non sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic congestive heart failure undergoing 24-hour Holter monitoring
Claudio Fresco, Alessandro Proclemer, Maria Cecilia Albanese, Donata Lucci*, Marco Gorini*, Aldo Pietro Maggioni*, Anna Linda Cuzzato, Paolo Maria Fioretti, a nome dei ricercatori IN-CHF.
Istituto di Cardiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, *Centro Studi ANMCO, Florence, Italy

Arrhythmic events and sudden death risk stratification in dilated cardiomyopathy
Gerardo Ansalone, Paolo Trambaiolo, Paride Giannantoni, Antonio Auriti, Fabrizio Ammirati, Susanna Franzin, Massimo Santini.
Cardiology Department of San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy

Dual chamber pacing with optimized AV delay in congestive heart failure patients: 6th month results of a randomized study
S. Mangiameli, D. Castelli, G. Doria, P. Lo Giudice, G. Chiaranda and ISSC Group.
Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale Garibaldi, Catania, Italy

Heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation: how important is it to regularise ventricular rhythm?
Panos E. Vardas, Emmanuel N. Simantirakis, Emmanuel G. Manios.
Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Gender Differences in Cardiac Arrhythmias

Sudden and expected death after acute myocardial infarction. The impact of sex differences
Miran F. Kenda, Josip Turk, Janez Stare, Marija Rebolj, Janez Demšar.
University Medical Centre, Clinic of Cardiology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Are women with cardiovascular disease discriminated concerning treatment?
Andrea Podczeck, Konrad K. Steinbach.
3rd Medical Department/Cardiology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arrhythmia Research Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria

Is there a gender-difference in pacemaker implantations?
Heinz S. Weber, Peter Kaindl, Harald Prohaska, Franz Sellner.
5th Medical Dptm. and Surgical Dptm., Kaiser Franz Josef Spital, Vienna, Austria

About so Called Brugada and Martini-Nava Syndromes

Right bundle branch block, right precordial ST segment elevation, and sudden death in the young
Domenico Corrado, Cristina Basso, Gianfranco Buja, Andrea Nava, Gaetano Thiene.
Department of Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padua, Italy

Right bundle branch block, st segment elevation in leads V1-V3 and sudden cardiac death
Josep Brugada, Ramon Brugada*, Pedro Brugada**.
Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain, *Cardiology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA, **Cardiovascular Research and Teaching Institute, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium

Further observations of the Brugada-Martini syndrome. Familial distribution of the incomplete bundle branch block, STT. Elevation and sudden death syndrome. A clinical-morphologic and genetic study of nine families
Franco Naccarella, Angelo Rolli, Angelo Carboni, Angelo Finardi, Antonello Zoni, Giovannina Lepera, Gaetano Barbato*, Massimo Palmieri*, Pietro Ticci**, Luigi Padeletti**, Andrea Nava°, Bortolo Martini°, Alessandra Rampazzo°°, Gianantonio Danieli°°, Paola Bertaccini^, Rossella Fattori^, Giampaolo Gavelli^.
Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, *Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna, °Cattedra di Cardiologia, Universita di Padova, °°Dipartimento di Genetica Medica, Universita di Padova, ^Dipartimento di Radiologia Medica III e NMR, Universita di Bologna, **Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Cardiologia, Universita di Firenze, Italy

Atrial Fibrillation. Assessment of Electrophysiologic Parameters

Left atrial appendage wall velocities and cycle length of atrial fibrillation waves detected by tissue Doppler imaging in normal and chronic atrial fibrillation patients
Paolo Trambaiolo, Gerardo Ansalone*, Luca Cacciotti, Donato Di Donato, Francesco Fedele.
I Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences Department, University "La Sapienza", Rome, *S. Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy

Changes in atrial effective refractory period in patients with induced atrial fibrillation
Andrzej Lubinski, Ewa Lewicka-Nowak, Maciej Kempa, Grzegorz Raczak, Grazyna Swiatecka.
II Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland

A method to evaluate contemporary refractoriness and conduction velocity at different atrial sites during human atrial fibrillation
Antonio Michelucci, Luciano Alcidi*, Silvio Vena, Luigi Padeletti, Maria Cristina Porciani, Pasquale Imperiale*, Andrea Colella, Salvatore Romano*, Gian Franco Gensini.
Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia,
*Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Clinica, Universita di Firenze, Italy